Advanced Methods to Improve Performance of K-Means Algorithm: A Review

Clustering is an unsupervised classification that is the partitioning of a data set in a set of meaningful subsets. Each object in dataset shares some common property- often proximity according to some defined distance measure. Among various types of clustering techniques, K-Means is one of the most popular algorithms. The objective of K-means algorithm is to make the distances of objects in the same cluster as small as possible. Algorithms, systems and frameworks that address clustering challenges have been more elaborated over the past years. In this review paper, we present the K-Means algorithm and its improved techniques

Penetration of the Stigma and Style Elicits a Novel Transcriptome in Pollen Tubes, Pointing to Genes Critical for Growth in a Pistil

Pollen tubes extend through pistil tissues and are guided to ovules where they release sperm for fertilization. Although pollen tubes can germinate and elongate in a synthetic medium, their trajectory is random and their growth rates are slower compared to growth in pistil tissues. Furthermore, interaction with the pistil renders pollen tubes competent to respond to guidance cues secreted by specialized cells within the ovule. The molecular basis for this potentiation of the pollen tube by the pistil remains uncharacterized. Using microarray analysis in Arabidopsis, we show that pollen tubes that have grown through stigma and style tissues of a pistil have a distinct gene expression profile and express a substantially larger fraction of the Arabidopsis genome than pollen grains or pollen tubes grown in vitro. Genes involved in signal transduction, transcription, and pollen tube growth are overrepresented in the subset of the Arabidopsis genome that is enriched in pistil-interacted pollen tubes, suggesting the possibility of a regulatory network that orchestrates gene expression as pollen tubes migrate through the pistil. Reverse genetic analysis of genes induced during pollen tube growth identified seven that had not previously been implicated in pollen tube growth. Two genes are required for pollen tube navigation through the pistil, and five genes are required for optimal pollen tube elongation in vitro. Our studies form the foundation for functional genomic analysis of the interactions between the pollen tube and the pistil, which is an excellent system for elucidation of novel modes of cell–cell interaction

PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS

Objective: Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer worldwide. The incidence and mortality rate is increasing in developing countries as compare to developed countries. The aim of this study was to assess complete blood count of the breast cancer patients to determine their prognostic values during the different courses of chemotherapy treatment. Methods: In the present study, two hundred breast cancer patients were selected to study prognostic significance of peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Results: The mean age of breast cancer patients was 47.49±10.43. A decrease in mean value of Hb concentration was observed from12g/dl ±1.45 to 10.9g/dl ±1.54. Platelet count was observed to be increased as the treatment proceeds from first chemotherapy to fifth course of chemotherapy. A decreased pattern of number of total leukocyte and lymphocyte count was noted during chemotherapy treatment. No significant variation was observed for neutrophils, Eosinophil and monocyte count during the different courses of chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, present results suggest the prognostic significance of the complete blood cell countin the disease monitoring and metastasis